Time Reflection Essay Example for Free

Time Reflection Essay On numerous occasions, the familiar saying, ‘time is gold’, is approved by experiences.â Take the instance of the anecdotal time machine.â We see them in motion pictures, a gadget that permits an individual to go through reality; a machine that permits an individual to navigate distinctive time dimensions.â But, anyway astounding the idea of time machine is, it is never true.â This just strengthens the conviction that time is basic to such an extent that at whatever point lost, can never again be recovered.  With men’s mean to find this new element of time, innovation has realized changes that influenced how individuals see time.â This is talked about in Anwar Accawi’s paper entitled, ‘The Telephone’.â In his exposition, Accawi demonstrated how innovation changed and meddled into the immortal culture of the townspeople in the town of Magdaluna.  â â â â â â â â â â In the early occasions, life has been so simple.â People once in a while care about the time.â Water timekeepers were utilized to follow time only for reasons for including the days and nights.â In Anwar Accawi’s exposition, â€Å"The Telephone†, it tends to be seen that the customary towns were easy to the point that they never understood the requirement for such advancements as tickers and schedules to gauge time.â People at that point were mollified for what they have. They simply review time by the occasions normal to human presence like birth and demise. In any case, when the phone was presented, the residents were astonished by such new gadget and the progressions that accompany it.â This began all the complexities that would now be able to be reflected in the current day societies.â Time has become a business term rather than a characteristic pattern of human existence.â The proportion of time has become so significant that time previously directed what, how and when individuals ought to get things done.  â â â â â â â â â â With the new innovation, people’s lives rotated around it.   In Magdaluna, the new innovation achieved event and the individuals cheered for how much phone infused new qualities in the network.  â â â â â â â â â â In today’s American culture, a run of the mill American grown-up would gripe that they don't have a lot of time to finish the heap of stir arranged for each day.â One explanation behind this observation about the absence of time is the means by which individuals see time as a fundamental piece of human existence.â How individuals esteem time and their apparent feeling of time can be pondered how they utilize such constrained asset.  â â â â â â â â â â With individuals whining of having not sufficient opportunity, they have depended on specific practices and embraced explicit qualities so as to boost the utilization of time.â For instance, in the work place, numerous representatives would incline toward adaptable time and part â€time work set ups.â what's more, some are torn by long voyages, which is tedious (Robinson Godbey 18). Some selected to put on retirement homes matured family members and guardians and depend on parental figures with the goal that their time can be liberated to do different things they accept to be progressively significant. In addition, time use, as per Godbey’s prior article, can be influenced by new technologies.â therefore, individuals will in general modify time by utilizing tweaked items (Robinson Godbey 18).â Technologies instructed individuals to be reliant on machines and new gadgets just to save money on what is accepted as ‘more valuable time’.  This feeling of time uncovers of how individuals can be so harsh and how poor family ties could be.â Quantity time and quality has become a passã ©.â With social orders become increasingly industrialized, further developed, there has become an assortment of exercises that individuals can pick from.â People will in general assign time to viewpoints like work, business and trade; limiting the more significant human angles like recreation; quality and amount time with family; and individual connections. Works Cited Robinson, John, and Geoffrey Godbey. Time in Our Hands: Most People in Industrialized Societies Feel Time-Pressured. the Problem Isnt How Much Time We Have, but instead How We Use It. The Futurist Sept.- Oct. 2005: 18+. Questia. 20 Sept. 2007 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=od=5010862325.

Animal testing

Creature Testing Animal testing is the demonstration of utilizing non-human creatures in explore, improvement ventures or logical trials. A huge number of creatures are being utilized every year for logical research, but since certain nations don't gather this information, the exact number will consistently be obscure. Numerous inquiries emerge when discussing this Issue, for example, Are there any fixes that have come about because of creature testing, are people better than creatures, and are there options in contrast to this kind of testing?Out of the numerous clinical headways that have come about because of creature testing, there are ten that strike me as imperative to the endurance of humankind. The first is Penicillin. Penicillin was tried on mice in the asses. By 1941, Penicillin was being utilized to treat kicking the bucket officers. This exploration in the end won the Nobel Prize in 1945. The second Is blood transfusion. Blood transfusions have spared the lives of innumer able individuals and creatures. The procedure was created when citrated blood was demonstrated to be ok for transfusion in hounds in 1914.The third accomplishment was the main medication for tuberculosis. Around 100 years back, tuberculosis was one of the most widely recognized reasons for death. Nobel Prize-winning examination on Guiana pigs in the asses prompted the anti-toxin streptomycin. The fourth was the Meningitis antibody. These antibodies were created In mice and have brought about a colossal fall In the illness. Beforehand numerous casualties passed on or had removals or organ harm. The fifth accomplishment Is the kidney transplant. Of the 5,000 individuals who create kidney disappointment consistently in the UK, one of every three would kick the bucket without a kidney transplant.Transplantation procedures were created utilizing canines and pigs. The 6th is bosom malignancy. Bosom malignant growth is the commonest disease among ladies. Creature considers prompted the adv ancement of achievement, one of the best medicines, and all the more as of late Hermetic and smells Inhibitors. The seventh accomplishment Is the asthma Inhaler. Asthma Is the commonest genuine youth Illness and soul causes around 2,000 passings per year In the ASK. Creature explore was crucial for the prescriptions in the inhalers seen in numerous schools today. The eighth is the polio vaccine.This advance alone has spared a huge number of lives. Forty years of research utilizing monkeys and mice prompted the presentation of the antibody in the 1 backtalk. The ninth Is insulin for diabetes. Simply one more significant accomplishment that spared a huge number of lives and won the Nobel Prize In 1923. The tenth and last accomplishment are Implants for Parkinson Disease. Research was completed on test creatures, for example, primates, which prompted an electrical embed of Parkinson Disease. (Commitment). There are numerous options in contrast to the utilization of creatures in logical experiments.Some of them are in vitro test strategies and models dependent on human cell and tissue societies, mechanized patient-medicate databases and virtual medication trails, PC models and reenactments, immature microorganism and hereditary testing strategies, non-obtrusive Imaging methods, for example, Mrs. furthermore, CT Scans, and Mollycoddling (In on the cell level, without influencing the entire body framework). Additionally the researchers and architects at Harvard's Ways Institute have made â€Å"organs-on-a-chip,† remembering the lung-for a-chip† and â€Å"gut-on-a-chip. † These minuscule gadgets contain human cells in a 3-dimensional framework that emulates human organs.The chips can be usedâ€instead of animalsâ€in sickness inquire about, tranquilize testing, and harmfulness testing. A few advantages of non-creature testing are that elective logical tests are frequently more solid than creature tests, the utilization of human tissue in poiso nousness testing is more precise than the creature models, Non-creature tests are more financially savvy, pragmatic, and practical, and brutality free items are all the more earth cordial. Choices) There are explicit advantages and disadvantages on creature testing that I discovered very interesting.Some stars are that it encourages scientists to discover medications and medicines, improves human wellbeing, guarantees security on medications, and interchange strategies for testing don't recreate people similarly. A few cons are that creatures are executed or kept in imprisonment, a few substances tried , may never be utilized for anything helpful, it is over the top expensive, and creatures and people are never precisely the equivalent. (Weed). There are various fantasies encompassing creature testing, and the appalling outcome is that individuals may frame conclusions dependent on uneducated realities. It is essential to address probably the most well-known fantasies with the expec tation that individuals can settle on increasingly educated choices in regards to creature testing. A portion of these fantasies are that the utilization of creatures is silly since creatures are not quite the same as individuals, lab creatures experience horrendous pain and enduring, reactions and misery experienced by creatures are imperceptible, which makes creature testing temperamental, specialists are tot worried about creatures or are unconcerned with their consideration, the presence of elective techniques implies that creatures are superfluous for testing, and most of creature testing is led for beautifying agents improvement. Cannabis) Theses legends made them think. I wonder if individuals don't genuinely have the foggiest idea about the realities about creature testing. It appears that the vast majority are tuning in to these fantasies as opposed to tune in to a specialist. Trustworthy data is vital to picking a side for a discussed theme. I think I am going to contend t hat creature testing has both negative and beneficial outcomes. Creature Testing Is Animal Testing Wrong? OK need to get your best four legged companion through torment to see whether something, for example, lipstick, would approve for people? I know, without a doubt, I could never need to get any creature through these awful investigations. The vast majority imagine that creature testing is something we need to do so as to shield ourselves from new items. Which isn't accurate, we would endure impeccably fine with the a huge number of items we have now. These dearest creatures don’t have the right to get through such torment. Creature testing is costing numerous creatures their lives and is costing a considerable lot of us a huge number of dollars.More than 100 million creatures, extending from mice to monkeys, are enduring and biting the dust in brutal concoction, medication, food and restorative tests, science exercises, clinical preparing activities, and interest driven clinical examinations (â€Å"Animals Used for Experimentation†, n. d. ). Ever y one of these creatures can do is sit and sit tight for the agony, brought about by the awful systems, to come their direction. While the creatures who were at that point tried on, are wishing the agony would simply leave. Greater part of the powerless animals bite the dust since they lose minds brought about by pressure or fear.Many of different creatures kick the bucket with no reason for their life, on the grounds that a considerable lot of the substances will never observe endorsement for utilization of people. Likewise numerous creatures must be put down in light of the fact that they become so apprehensive that they begin to become forceful and afterward they have no utilization. â€Å"Animals Used for Experimentation† (n. d. ) states that so as to test beautifying agents, family unit cleaning things, and other customer items, a huge number of creatures are harmed, blinded, and executed each year by pitiless organizations. This is just the significant conflict with the torment done to animals.One tremendous way the creatures are tormented is that the greater part of the test creatures are breed and raised just to be sent to labs. Actually a great deal of these creatures are purchased extremely youthful to help decrease the pressure of being in the pens in the labs. In this manner the vast majority of these creatures have never became acquainted with what grass feels or scents like. The vast majority of the mutts have never played get with a proprietor. Most pregnant felines that are in creature covers are purchased by organizations that test on creatures. In this way the cats can be tried on by child items or kept until they are a few years of age. â€Å"Animal Testing Facts† (n. . ) claims that consistently 2,000 felines and 3,500 canines are conceived in labs everywhere throughout the country. Above all, none of these dismissed creatures have ever and will never recognize what it resembles to be cherished by a human or comprehend what it resembles to be remunerated by a human with a treat or a midsection rub. The main things these creatures think, about when a human stops by or to their enclosure, are that they need to dodge down and trust they continue strolling. They feel that when a human contacts them, that implies the agony is coming. Isn’t that the direct inverse reason that these magnificent animals are living with us?We should be the defender of the creatures who can’t talk or shield themselves. We should be their closest companions. A portion of the investigations done on the creatures are extraordinary! Mice and rodents are compelled to breathe in poisonous exhaust, hounds are coercively fed pesticides, and hares have destructive synthetic substances scoured onto their skin and eyes (â€Å"Animals utilized for Experimentation†, n. d. ). Numerous creatures become so gone crazy that they begin to slaughter one another. They additionally will assault themselves, for example, pulling out their own hair or plumes, eating their own skin, or starving themselves to death.Some significant organizations that test on creatures are: Gillette, they rub their items into rabbits’ eyes and afterward kick back and hold on to check whether they shout in light of the fact that the item is consuming their eyes; Nair, they rub their items on the hide of numerous pooches and other textured creatures; and Tide and Windex, likewise forcibly feed and spread creatures in their items. Those are only a couple of the a large number of organizations that test on creatures. A large number of the outcomes discovered are questionable in light of the fact that the creature could have effectively passed on from one reason I have just talked about.The results could likewise be temperamental in light of the fact that human bodies and creature bodies can have an alternate response or one may not have a response at all to a specific item. One significant upsetting thing about the responses of creatures I that most bunnies and different creatures will get tremendous openings in their sides becaus

What Are We Waiting For

What Are We Waiting For If youre returning to our site today, you may have noticed that weve changed the homepage video. Gone is MIT: The Motion Picture, retired (appropriately) to the  MIT Movies Emeritus  page. In its place, you can find What Are We Waiting For: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m18EE36Utb0 This movie was produced by MIT students during the Freshman Arts Program which took place before orientation. We liked it so much that we asked them if we could feature it on the website, and they said yes! Starring/writing/filming/editing/producing the movie were: Evie Adams Delian Asparouhov Peter Godart Nikita Khlystov Lili Sun Zach Tomlinson I also want to give a special shout-out to Amiina, the band who wrote and recorded the eponymous song, and the folks at Big Dipper Productions, who kindly allowed us and the students to use the music. If you like the song, or if even if youd just like to support the band, you can download it from iTunes here. p.s. if you want to share the video above, use this version on YouTube! What Are We Waiting For Freshman orientation for the Class of 2018 officially begins in two weeks. Next week, however, some students will begin arriving on campus to participate in one of 22 Freshman Pre-Orientation Programs  (FPOPs), which offer students an early introduction to in the social life of learning at MIT. As the FPOP website says: Build an underwater vehicle. Make friends. Work in the Cambridge community. Learn what it means to install public interactive art. Kayak. Play robotic soccer. Visit a nuclear reactor. Swing your way through a ropes course. Learn to paint. Roll your own sushi. Wear paper clothing. Travel to Colorado and Northern New Mexico. Spend a day feeding the homeless. Learn about yourself. Challenge yourself. Weve blogged a lot about FPOPs in the past. This years FPOPs include (update 10/27/14: all of these links are dead now that orientation is over, but Im leaving the list just so you know what was offered): DA: Discover Aerospace DAP: Discover Architecture + Planning DBE: Discover Biological Engineering DC1: Discover Course 1 DEAPS: Discover Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences (Yellowstone Weather) DEECS: Discover Electrical Engineering and Computer Science DELTA: Discover Energy: Learn, Think, Apply DEAL: Discover Entrepreneurship and Leadership DEW: Discover Exercise and Wellness DHLB: Discover History Literature in Boston DMSE: Discover Material Science and Engineering DME: Discover Mechanical Engineering DNSE: Discover Nuclear Science and Engineering DOE: Discover Ocean Engineering DP: Discover Physics DPD: Discover Product Design DPH: Discover PreHealth DU: Discover UROP FAP: Freshman Arts Program FLP: Freshman Leadership Programs FOP: Freshman Outdoors Program Outward Bound FUP: Freshman Urban Program My all time favorite video filmed by (and starring) MIT students was produced at the 2011 FPOP, when the Class of 2015 were freshman. Now theyre seniors. Wow. Very movie. Much feels.

The Essential Goal Of Witness Protection Law Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4539 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Witness is an important constituent of the administration of justice. By giving evidence linking to the charge of the offence the witness performs a sacred duty of assisting the court to discover the truth. This is the reason why before giving evidence he/she either takes an oath in the name of God or makes a solemn affirmation that he/she will speak the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Essential Goal Of Witness Protection Law Essay" essay for you Create order The witness has no risk in the decision of the criminal court as he is neither the accused nor the victim. The witness performs an important public duty of assisting the court in deciding on the guilt or otherwise of the accused in the case. He sacrifices his time and takes the trouble to travel all the way to the court to give evidence. The witness performs an important public duty of assisting the court in deciding on the guilt or otherwise of the accused in the case. He sacrifices his time and takes the trouble to travel all the way to the court to give evidence. The witness should therefore be treated with great respect and consideration as a guest of honour. Unfortunately, all these are seen not to be happening in the courts. There are two broad aspects to the need for witness protection. The first is to ensure that evidence of witnesses that has already been collected at the stage of investigation is not allowed to be destroyed by witnesses resiling from their statements whi le deposing on oath before a court. This phenomenon of witnesses turning `hostile on account of the failure to `protect their evidence is one aspect of the problem. This in turn would involve special procedures to be introduced into the criminal law to balance the need for anonymity of witnesses on the one hand and the rights of the accused, on the other, for an open public trial with a right to cross examination of the witnesses, after knowing all details about witnesses. The other aspect is the physical and mental vulnerability of the witness and to the taking care of his or her welfare in various respects which call for physical protection of the witness at all stages of the criminal justice process till the conclusion of the case. This can be done by the introduction of witness protection programmes. While the first aspect of protecting the evidence of witnesses from the danger of their turning hostile has received limited attention at the hands of Parliament in some special statutes dealing with terrorism, there is an urgent need to have a comprehensive legislative scheme dealing with the second aspect of physical protection of the witness as well. Further, both aspects of anonymity and witness protection will have to be ensured in all criminal cases involving grave crimes not limited to terrorist crimes. The implementation of such a law would involve drawing up: (a) Procedures for granting anonymity to witnesses and also (b) Introducing Witness Protection Programmes in which personal protection is granted to the witness; sometimes by shifting the witness to a different place or even a different country; or by providing some money for maintenance or even by providing employment elsewhere. Unfortunately, all these are seen not to be happening in the courts and the countries. When the witness goes to the court for giving evidence there is hardly any officer of the court who will be there to receive him, provide a seat and tell him where the c ourt he is to give evidence is located or to give him such other assistance as he may need. In most of the courts there is no designated place with proper arrangements for seating and resting while waiting for his turn to be examined as a witness in the court. Toilet facility, drinking water and other amenities like food and refreshment even are not provided. The witness bears all this to get nothing in return at all. The witness is not adequately compensated for the amount of money he spends for his traveling and staying in the town where the court is located. Rate of allowance fixed long back are quite unrealistic and not adequate to meet the minimum needs of the witness. Steps should therefore be taken to review the scales of traveling and other allowances taking into account the prevailing cost in the area where the court is located. What is worse is that even the allowances fixed are not paid to the witness immediately on the apparent ground that funds are not available. The re are also complaints of corrupt officials of the administration who draw the allowances and do not pay them to the witnesses. This is an unpardonable crime against the witnesses. Therefore effective steps have to be taken to ensure that payment of the allowances to the witness is neither denied nor delayed. Fool proof arrangements should be made to see that the allowances are paid immediately away. On top of all this, the witnesses and their families also face problems regarding safety. Yet, the witnesses help the court to give better justice without any fear of their life and property. The court in return should also show its gratification in an appropriate manner. Chapter1. PROBLEMS FACED BY A WITNESS ________________________________________________ The witness is one of the most important sources of information in discovering the truth about the case, but the pains and troubles he/she has to undergo to help the court is a lot as well. A major problem is about the safety of the witnesses and their family members who face danger at different stages. They are often threatened and the seriousness of the threat depends upon the type of the case and the background of the accused and his family. Many times crucial witnesses are threatened or injured prior to their testifying in the court. If the witness is still not agreeable he may even be murdered. In such situations the witness will not come forward to give evidence unless he is assured of protection or is guaranteed anonymity of some form of physical disguise. Some times holding of in-camera proceedings may be sufficient to protect the interest of the witness. I however the circumstances indicate that the life of any particular witness is in danger, the court must take such m easures as are necessary to keep the identity of the witness secret and make arrangements to ensure protection to the witness without affecting the right of the accused to cross examine him. The threat from the accused side may be before he gives his statement before the police officer or evidence in the court or after the conclusion of the trial. There is a growing tendency of subjecting the witness and his family members to serious threats to life, abduction or raping or damaging the witnesses property or harming his image and interest in other ways. The witness has no protection whatsoever. Many countries in the world have enacted laws for witnesses protection. There is no such law in India. The witness also suffers in the court in various other ways. When he comes to the court to give evidence he is often told that the case has been adjourned and is asked to come back on another city. When a case is adjourned, the witnesses in attendance are quite often not paid the allowance s. The witnesses should not be punished by denying him his rightful expenses for no fault of his own. Steps should therefore be taken to ensure that the witnesses are paid allowances on the same day if the case is adjourned. Quite often more than one witness is summoned to prove the same point. The prosecutor may pay attention to reduce duplication of evidence resulting in unnecessary waste of time of courts and expenses. The next portion is about the way the witness is treated during trial. The witness is entitled to be treated with courtesy when he arrives for giving evidence. Similarly, due courtesy should be shown to him when he enters the court for giving evidence. The present practice is to make the witness stand and give his evidence from the place designated for that purpose. Comfort, convenience and dignity of the witness should be the concern of the judge. A chair should be provided for the witness and requested to take his seat for giving evidence. The lawyer for the d efence in order to demonstrate that the witness is not truthful or a reliable person would ask all sorts of questions to him. When the questions are likely to annoy, insult or threaten the witness, the judge does not object and often sits as a mute spectator. It is high time the judges are sensitized about the responsibility to regulate cross examination so as to ensure that the witness is not ill treated affecting his dignity and honour. Therefore the High Courts should take measure through training and supervision to sensitize the judges of their responsibility to protect the rights of the witnesses. So far as witness is concerned, it is his primary duty to give true evidence of what he knows. Unfortunately this is not happening and the problem of perjury is growing. Chapter2. PROPOSED MECHANISM FOR WITNESS PROTECTION PROGRAMME ________________________________________________ Public trial and cross-examination of witnesses in open court: Indian laws Section 327 of Cr.PC provides for trial in the open court and 327 (2) provides for in-camera trials for offences involving rape under Section 376 of IPC and under Section 376 A to 376 D of the IPC. Section 273 requires the evidence to be taken in the presence of the accused. Section 299 indicates that in certain exceptional circumstances an accused may be denied his right to cross-examine a prosecution witness in open court. Further, under Section 173 (6) the police officer can form an opinion that any part of the statement recorded under Section 161 of a person the prosecution proposes to examine as its witness need not be disclosed to the accused if it is not essential in the interests of justice or is inexpedient in the public interest. Section 228A IPC prescribes punishment if the identity of the victim of rape is published. Likewise, Section 21 of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000 prohibits publication of the name, address and other particulars w hich may lead to the identification of the juvenile. Under Section 33 of the Evidence Act, in certain exceptional cases, where cross examination is not possible, previous deposition of the witness can be considered that relevant in subsequent proceedings. The Evidence Act requires to be looked into afresh to provide for protection to a witness. Protection of identity of witnesses: Special Statutes in India In the pre-constitutional era, Section 31 of the Bengal Suppression of Terrorist Outrages Act, 1932 empowered the special Magistrate to exclude persons or public from the precincts of the court. Section 13 of TADA, 1985 and Section 16 TADA 1987 provided for protection of the identity and address of a witness secret. Section 30 POTA 2002 is on the same lines as Section 16 TADA, 1987. Apart from these provisions in special statutes, there is a need for a general law dealing with witness anonymity in all criminal cases where there is danger to the life of the witness or of his relatives or to his property. Protection of identity of witnesses v. Rights of accused Principles of law developed by the Supreme Court and the High Courts In the pre-Maneka Gandhi phase the Supreme Court, in Gurbachan Singh v. State of Bombay  [1]  , upheld a provision of the Bombay Police Act, 1951 that denied permission to a detenue to cross-examine the witnesses who had deposed against him. It was held that the law was only to deal with exceptional cases where witnesses, for fear of violence to their person or property, were unwilling to depose publicly against bad character. At this stage, the issue was not examined whether the procedure was fair. The decisions in G.X. Francis v. Banke Bihari Singh  [2]  and Maneka Sanjay Gandhi v. Rani Jethmalani  [3]  stressed the need for a congenial atmosphere for the conduct of a fair trial and this included the protection of witnesses. In Kartar Singh v. State of Punjab  [4]  the Supreme Court upheld the validity of ss.16 (2) and (3) of the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987 (TADA) which gave the discretion to the Designated Court to keep the identity and address of a witness secret upon certain contingencies; to hold the proceedings at a place to be decided by the court and to withhold the names and addresses of witnesses in its orders. The court held that the right of the accused to cross-examine the prosecution witnesses was not absolute but was subject to exceptions. The same reasoning was applied to uphold the validity of Section 30 of the Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002 (POTA) in Peoples Union of Civil Liberties v. Union of India  [5]  . In Delhi Domestic Working Womens Forum v. Union of India  [6]  the Supreme Court emphasised the maintenance of the anonymity of the victims of rape who would be the key witnesses in trials involving the offence of rape. The importance of holding rape trials in camera as mandated by Section 327 (2) and (3) Cr.PC was reiterated in State of Punjab v. Gurmit Singh  [7]  . In Sakshi v. Union of India  [8]  the Supreme Court referred to the 172nd Report of the Law Commission an d laid down that certain procedural safeguards had to be followed to protect the victim of child sexual abuse during the conduct of the trial. In the Best Bakery Case  [9]  , in the context of the collapse of the trial on account of witnesses turning hostile as a result of intimidation, the Supreme Court reiterated that legislative measures to emphasize prohibition against tampering with witness, victim or informant, have become the imminent and inevitable need of the day. Although, the guidelines for witness protection laid down by the Delhi High Court in Neelam Katara v. Union of India (judgment dated 14.10.2003) require to be commended, they do not deal with the manner in which the identity of the witness can be kept confidential either before or during the trial. The judgment of the Full Bench of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in Bimal Kaur Khalsa  [10]  , which provides for protection of the witness from the media, does not deal with all the aspects of the problem. T hese judgments highlight the need for a comprehensive legislation on witness protection. Chapter3. WITNESS PROTECTION PROGRAMMES IN OTHER COUNTRIES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY ________________________________________________ In the United Kingdom, the judgment of the House of Lords in Scott v. Scott  [11]  required that the exception to the general rule that administration of justice should take place in open court should be based upon the operation of some other overriding principle which ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ does not leave its limits to the individual discretion of the Judge. In the Leveller Magazine case (1979) it was held by the House of Lords that apart from statutory exceptions it was open to the court in the exercise of its inherent powers to control the conduct of proceedings so long as the court reasonably believes it to be necessary in order to save the ends of justice. This was subsequently recognized by the enactment of Section 11 of the (UK) Contempt of Court Act, 1981. Under Section 24 of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act, 1999 evidence may be given through a live telecast link where the witness is outside UK or is a child. Sections 16 to 33 of the same Act requi re the court to consider special measures of various kinds for the protection of vulnerable and intimidated witnesses. In R vs. DJX, SCY, GCZ  [12]  , the Court of Appeal allowed child witnesses to be screened from the accused. In R vs. Tailor (Gary)  [13]  , various guidelines were issued. The Lord Diplock Commission, appointed to consider various issues concerning the violent confrontations in Ireland, suggested that witnesses could be screened from the accused. In R v. Murphy (1989) it was held that identity of the witness should be kept secret not only from the accused but also from the defence lawyer. In R v. Lord Saville of Newdigate  [14]  the Court of Appeal overturned the decision of the Lord Saville Tribunal appointed to enquire into the incident of shooting of 26 people during a demonstration at Londonderry, refusing to grant anonymity to military witnesses. The Court of Appeal held that the approach of the Tribunal was not fair to the soldiers as the risk to them and their families was a serious possibility. In the second round (Lord Saville v. Widgery Soldiers  [15]  , the Court of Appeal overturned the decision of the Lord Saville Tribunal to shift the enquiry from London to Londonderry in Northern Ireland holding that the elements at Londonderry in Ireland pose a threat to the enquiry and those who are or will be taking part in it, and in particular, a solider witnesses. The venue, according to the Court of Appeal, should be London only. Further, since there would be live video linkage to Londonderry the public confidence will not be eroded by holding a part of the enquiry in London. The same approach was adopted in regard to the recording of the evidence of police witnesses. Following the ruling of the European Court on Human Rights in Chahel v. UK, the Special Judgment on Appeals Commission Act, 1997 and the Northern Ireland Act, 1998 have been enacted which provide for courts to sit in camera where it was necessary on national security grounds and for appointing special counsel to represent individuals in those proceedings. In Australia, the Supreme Court of Victoria (Australia) in Jarvie (1995) approved of non-disclosure of the names and addresses of informers and undercover police officers as well as other witnesses whose personal safety would be endangered by the disclosure of their identity. This has been followed in a series of other cases as well. Australia also has 8 different statutes (in each of the States) dealing with witness protection but not with the anonymity or screening aspects. Section 2A (1) (b) of the Australian Evidence Act, 1989 deals with special witnesses suffering from trauma or likely to be intimidated. In New Zealand, under Section 13A of the (New Zealand) Evidence Act, 1908 (introduced 1986), protection is available to undercover officers in cases involving drug offences and offences tried on indictment attracting a maximum penalty of at least 7 years imprisonment. A ce rtificate has to be given by the Commissioner of Police to the court that the police officer requiring protection has not been convicted of any offence. In 1997, Section 13G was introduced making protection applicable to all witnesses if their lives were likely to be endangered. In R v. L  [16]  , this provision came to be tested on the anvil of Section 25(f) of the New Zealand Bill of Rights which provides for the right to cross-examination to an accused. The court upheld the provision on the ground that the right of cross examination was not absolute. Under Section 13C (4) the Judge, might make an anonymity order where he is satisfied that the safety of a witness is likely to be endangered if his identity was disclosed. Sub-section (5) of Section 13C provides for the factors to be accounted for by the court and sub-section (6), the conditions to be fulfilled. The power of the court to exclude the public or to direct screening of the witnesses or to give evidence by close circu it television is provided under Section 13G. The 1997 legislation is comprehensive and has been held by the courts to be fair vis-à  -vis the New Zealand Bill of Rights in R vs. Atkins  [17]  . In Canada, the courts have granted more importance to the exception of innocence at stake rather than the needs of administration of justice. In other words, anonymity of witnesses is treated as a privilege granted under the common law unless there is a material to show that it will jeopardize the proof of innocence of the accused. The important cases in this regard are R v. Durette  [18]  ; R v. Khela  [19]  ; CBC v. New Brunswick  [20]  ; R v. Leipert  [21]  and R v. Mentuck  [22]  . In South Africa, the approach is on a case by case basis in order to balance the conflict of interests with a view to ensuring proper administration of justice. Section 153 of the (South Africa) Criminal Procedure Code permits criminal proceedings to be held in camera to protect p rivacy to the witness. Section 154 gives discretion to the court to refuse publication of the name of the accused. The South African courts have permitted the witness to give evidence behind close doors or to give witness anonymity. The courts prefer to prohibit the press from reporting on identity rather than exclude them from the court room. The important cases are S v. Leepile  [23]  and S v. Pastoors  [24]  . The courts in the US have held that the constitutional protection in favour of the right to confrontation by way of cross examination, as provided in the 6th Amendment to the Constitution, is not absolute and could be restricted for the purpose of protecting witness identity by using video link or by shielding the witness from the accused though not from the lawyers to the defence or the court or the jury. The important cases are Alford v. US (1931); Pointer v. Texas (1965) and Smith v. Illinois (1968). In Maryland v. Craig (1990), the court upheld the procedu re under the Maryland Courtsand Judicial Procedure Code which provided for protection of child witnesses by way of one-way closed-circuit procedure and held that it did not violate the right to confrontation guaranteed by the 6th Amendment. The European Court of human rights has in Kostovski (1990), Doorson (1996), Vissier (2002) and Fitt (2002) recognized the need to protect anonymity of witnesses while, on account of Article 6 of the European Convention, more importance appears to have been given to the rights of the accused. If national courts had determined that anonymity was necessary or not necessary in public interest, the European court could not interfere. The judgments of the International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in the Tadic and Delaic cases in the context of protection of witnesses, anonymity, re-traumatisitation and general and special measures for their protection have been discussed in detail. Likewise, the decisions of the International Crimina l Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) (1994) with reference to the relevant statute which provide for protection of victims and witnesses have also been discussed in great detail in the Consultation Paper. Chapter4. PROBLEM OF PERJURY ________________________________________________ One of the main reasons for the large percentage of acquittals is criminal cases is of witnesses turning hostile and giving false testimony in criminal cases. Several reasons are attributed to this difficulty such as inordinate delay in the trial of cases, threats or inducement from the accused, etc. As in criminal cases the prosecution relies mainly on oral evidence the problem assumes critical importance. Witnesses give evidence in the Criminal Courts after they are administered oath or affirmation under the Oaths Act, 1969. Section 8 of the Oaths Act provides that the witness is legally bound to state the truth on the subject. The sanction behind the oath is supposed to be the fear of God, the supernatural dispenser of justice. In practice however it is seen that the witness makes false statements without any regard for the sanctity of the oath or affirmation that has been administered to them. One gets an impression that administration of oath or affirmation virtually gives license to the witness to make false statements before the Court with impunity. There is no doubt there is statutory sanction against the witnesses making false statements in the court. Perjury is made a Penal offence under Sections 193 to 195 of the Indian Penal Code for which adequate punishment is prescribed. Section 195 (1) (b) of the Code provides that no court shall take cognizance inter-alia of the offence of perjury under Sections 193 to 195 except on the complaint in writing of that court or of the court to which that court is subordinate. Section 340 prescribes the procedure to be followed for making a complaint contemplated by Section 195. It requires the court to hold a preliminary enquiry to record a finding that it is expedient in the interest of justice that an enquiry should be made into any offence referred to in Section 195 (1) (b). Thereafter it has to make a complaint in writing and send it to the Magistrate I Class having jurisdiction. The order under Sect ion 340 is appealable under Section 341 of the Code. Section 343 prescribes the procedure to be followed in dealing with the case Section 344 however prescribes an alternative summary procedure. It provides that if the Court of Session or Magistrate of first class if at any time of delivery of judgement in the case expresses an opinion that the witness appearing in such proceeding had knowingly or willingly given false evidence or fabricated false evidence for use in the proceeding, the Court may if satisfied that it is necessary and expedient in the interest of justice that the witness should be tried summarily, take cognizance after giving reasonable opportunity of showing cause, try such offender summarily and sentence him to imprisonment or to a fine or both. Thus it is seen that the courts response to the serious problem of perjury is rather one of utter indifference. Unfortunately, these provisions are rarely resorted to and perjury has become a routine in courts where t ruth and justice must prevail. Perjury can contribute to the wrong person being convicted while the true criminal and a perjurer walk on the streets in freedom. Offering false testimony in a criminal trial is a serious offence that undermines the integrity of the Criminal Justice System. For justice to be done truth must prevail. Witness must be made to take his oath or solemn affirmation seriously. The sentence prescribed for perjury is quite lenient. In the State of New York the sentence for perjury was recently enhanced to 15 years. As the menace of perjury is shaking the very foundation of the criminal justice system it is necessary to curb this menace and the sentence prescribed should be enhanced. CONCLUSION ________________________________________________ Witness is one of the most important constituent of justice. He is one of the most important sources of information in discovering the truth about the case, but the pains and troubles he has to undergo to help the court is a lot as well. By giving evidence the witness helps the courts to give correct judgement and justice. The witnesses have the danger of their lives as well as that of their families. They have the danger of their properties as well. They have to undergo lots of discomfort when they come to give evidence. Even after doing all this they do not get anything in return. Therefore it can be clearly seen that the courts are negligent in the way that they treat the witnesses. Witness protection should take place and already various steps have been taken towards it. Many countries like, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, etc. have a well developed mechanism for witness protection. These mechanisms may encourage even more witnesses to come forward to give their evidence for the greater good. Witnesses therefore should be shown the respect and gratitude which they are actually worth of. The problem of perjury also prevails and it depends upon the witness himself to stop it. Otherwise it can contribute to the wrong person being convicted while the true criminal and a perjurer walk on the streets in freedom.

Essay on Effective Communication Inside the Courtroom

Effective Communication Inside the Courtroom Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth so help you God? This is a statement that is often heard inside the courtroom, one that all must swear to as they attempt to testify in a court of law. The constitution of the United States allows accused to be judged by a jury of their peers to determine their guilt or innocence (Abadinsky, 1995). In order for that to take place a trial must be conducted to allow the evidence to be presented. In order for that to happen the state must have its attorneys present the facts that have been discovered. It is the responsibility of the state attorney or prosecutor to convince the members of the jury that the events being†¦show more content†¦In order to effectively express ones argument the attorney must connect with the members of the jury. In some way they should relate to the people that are making the decision of guilt or innocence. Which means to simplify language, or thought or images so that the comm on man or woman can understand the purpose. Those people are not only the jury but also opposing counsel and well as the judge. Also, that communication is not only what is verbally spoken but what can also be nonverbal. Significance of the Study The legal system is a key component of American life. Thus, this study is significant to three distinct groups: legal professionals, common citizens and scholars. This study is important to the common citizen because the legal system in the United States allows any American citizen over the age of 18 to be eligible for jury service (Lewis 1995). Thus all Americans could benefit from this study in case they are asked to be on a jury. To know proper communication techniques inside the courtroom would help if called to serve. 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Jan Van Eyck Madonna in the Church Free Essays

Madonna in a Church is a small oil panel on oak by Flemish painter Jan van Check. Madonna in a church was made between c. 1438-1440. We will write a custom essay sample on Jan Van Eyck Madonna in the Church or any similar topic only for you Order Now Van Check has been traditionally credited with the invention of painting in oils, and, although this is incorrect, there is no doubt that he was the real master of the technique. The use of oil paints is very significant in this artworks luminescent quality and presentation of space. The artist creates a new relationship between the viewer and the picture. There is an illusion of a modern, tatterdemalion’s scene and through this new more attraction, lifelike approach, the viewer becomes connected to the painting, not Just in physical terms, but socially, spiritually and emotionally as well. † The minute we look at it the shimmering quality of the art stands out. Being only 12. 25†³ x 5. 5†³ it’s clear why its elaboration is so astonishing. The painting is very long compared to its width, emphasizing the size of the Madonna and the tall structure of the church that it portrays. The artwork has brilliant intense warm colors, dominating brown and red and the light illustrated with light yellow. On Madonna in a Church, the artist represents a variety of subjects with striking legalism in microscopic detail. The pigment was suspended in a layer of oil that also trapped light, this way Van Check created a Jewel-like medium. On the Madonna’s crown and Jewelry we see shiny precious metals and gems and also, with the help of this technique he could give a life like impression to light. The colors are so luminous that the passage of five hundred years has barely diminished them. There are so many details and elements to discover on the painting that the eye has a constant exercise inside the picture. From the first view we can tell that the artwork is narrative and descriptive. Van Check had a sharp edged look of the world but he put this look into a fictional environment. The painting was stolen in 1877 and the frame was not found. Despite this absence we still have an impression of a frame because the cathedral interior is viewed at an angle. From this perspective the doorway has a frame effect to the painting. The shape of the doorway is round, following the ceiling and with this circle effect leading our eyes to the main figure, Mary. † Van Check has followed traditional theology; his realist art displayed in iconic and allusive forms the Church’s teachings and popular piety. Yet at the same time, he played with symbolism, which is evidently present in the artwork. The Madonna’s size is surreal, very big in proportion to the interior of the exceptionally beautiful church. This is a symbolic niche, giving her all the importance. Byzantine painters used this method for the same purpose. In the background, angels appear to be singing from hymn books or saying Mass before her altar. † The image of light has a heavy vision, the rays of the sun come supernaturally from the north to strike through the glass and hit the floor with breathtaking realism. Two lolls of sunlight on the floor in front of Mary come from a direction that defies natural law. Therefore the light is mystical, a symbol of God. We can see it penetrating the church Just as the Holy Ghost entered and impregnated the body of the Virgin, in direct opposition to the laws of flesh. The perspective and lighting seem to be so natural, until we think about it we don’t see that it’s unnatural, and that it is actually a sacred light. Maybe this is a way to express that what is religious was incorporated into everyday life, that even a Heavenly light had to become like daylight under Jan Van Cock’s paintbrush. The virgin takes her place in the center, gently swaying, she seem to follow her own gaze. Her hair is red; throughout the ages red-haired women have had significance in the arts. They are viewed as unique and mystical, Just like Mary. She has a beautiful tracery behind her: wooden carving, the stories of her life. It is especially important in the Northern Renaissance, because they used the Juxtaposition of the presented sacred character and then an object or artwork of the exact same personage on the picture, referring to Biblical times. We see a sculpture of Christ behind her, while the baby Jesus is in her arms. She is presented in the everyday life of those people living in the 15th century and part of their modern culture. The church is richly decorated, in the Gothic style. Jan Van Check pays attention to detail in his painting of architectural interiors, done with unrelenting accuracy. The church is an important symbol of Marry chastity. It’s an Ideal church, Jan Van Cock’s fantasy of a perfect interior to enthrone Mary. This is a way to represent the heavenly sphere in an environment that the people of the time period can recognize. Concluding from the small size of the painting, it was not a painting designed for a huge Gothic church where most paintings were much bigger in proportion. It was probably made for a wealthy man at the time. In the Renaissance it was common for wealthy people to collect artworks, it had a social significance. Above this, religious paintings and prayer books were manifestations of commitment to prayer. The Flemish didn’t limit their demonstration of piety to the public realm, the individuals commissioned artworks for private use in their homes as well. † Ideology of the time also influenced the painting. The Madonna is holding the child that is supposed to be Christ. Her face is turned away from the child, achieving a less engaged look. The scene is all about her. In Van Cock’s painting, the child is a realistic baby; emphasizing the humanity of Christ. The interpretation of this can be the fact that Mary was a human, and in the Renaissance, humanism had a very big impact. After the neglected human dimension of the Middle Ages, the Renaissance brings humanity in focus again with the development of art, technology, and inventions. † Van Check gives Mary three roles: Mother of Christ, the personification of the Christian Church and Queen of Heaven, the latter apparent from her Jewel-studded crown. The painting is majestic and luminous, it lights up like a dream. But at the same time the message is both worldly and devout, the artist set out to satisfy both demands, but in a form of realism that contained within itself a playful, even ironic attitude towards the relations existing between individuals, society and religion. Sources: Graham, Jenny. Inventing van Check: the remaking of an artist for the modern age. Oxford: Berg, 2007. Print. Harrison, Craig. Jan van Check: the play of realism. London: Reaction Books ;, 1991. 188. Print. How to cite Jan Van Eyck Madonna in the Church, Papers

Eva Smith Essay Paper Example For Students

Eva Smith Essay Paper When the act changes the scenery does not change, this is done to create the affect of claustrophobia on the characters, this effect is created by there being no interval, and it makes them fell as though they can not get away from the inspector, like in a police station where you can not get away, you have to face the facts. This is so the audience are comfortable but not so cosy that they relax. You feel that there is limited use of props. Once again I must agree because there are not a lot of props being used, this is one again due to the fact that the audience need to concentrate on the play rather than the props or the scenery. The use of the photograph as a prop is used exceptionally well. This is because the photo, just like Eva Smith, could be more than one person. This builds up the tension, because the inspector never actually shows the photo to more than one person at a time so it could easily be a different one, and it gets the audience thinking. The telephone is also use for a small amount, but in the time used well. The telephone in only used twice, once when Mr. Berling phones the infirmary and once when the police officer calls to tell them about the girl being murdered. Both of these scenes build up tension for the play, by the Berlings going from all getting accused of murdering Eva Smith, to there not even being a girl in the infirmary to a police officer calling them to tell them about the girl that had committed suicide. You believe that dramatic irony is over used. I dont think so because it is meant to be blatantly obvious so that the audience can see that Mr. Berlings speech about there not being a war and the titanic being unsinkable He is full of pompous pronouncements, such as The Titanic is absolutely unsinkable. I use this example to show how out-of-touch Birling is and how arrogant he is. He places his faith in business and greed. His obsessive faith in the individual, in progress and capitalism is the kind of selfish attitude that has led to Eva Smiths downfall. And this is what the Inspector comes to teach him about. Mr. Berling says this speech just before the inspector arrives and this is very important to the play. Finally you think that the ending is not dramatic and is disappointing, here I must strongly disagree with you because the dramatic use of the tension building telephone call makes for a brilliant ending! The ending is not disappointing because the mysterious character (inspector Goole) disappears make the audience doubt and put questions into their heads, It makes them think. Please read this letter carefully, as it will be a big help in you understanding the play. Yours sincerely J. B. Priestley Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE J. B. Priestley section.